Do you consider this an environmental justice success? Effects of environment on source water for desalination plants on the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. Economic analyses of the investments and energy and emission payback (EEP) periods of the solar proposal have been conducted to prove its economic feasibility and minimal environmental impact. The facilities have a combined desalination capacity of around 500,000 cubic meters of saline water per day. Download citation. General Envtl Law, Art. The paper considers the data in detail and discusses the effects of environment on the desalination plant in Al-Jubail and suggests certain strategies for the protection of seawater intakes and some points useful in the siting and design of coastal seawater intakes in the region. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5222-2. However, the energy needed to power these plants contributes to severe air pollution. There many potential environmental impacts of desalination process in GCC countries similar to any other industry. [click to view], The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), Jubail plant and Desalination, Saudi Arabia, LATENT (no visible organising at the moment), New Environmental Impact Assessment/Study. For more information, and to find out how to change the configuration of cookies, please read our, Utilizamos cookies para realizar el análisis de la navegación de los usuarios y mejorar nuestros servicios. Was environmental justice served? The current inefficient plants and planned construction of additional plants across the peninsula will subsequently contribute to climate change. Yet there has long been concern about its environmental impact. Complexes such as Marafiq's in Jubail were designed to satisfy the growing need for water. Received: 08 August 2019. New Environmental Impact Assessment/Study: Development of alternatives: To operate within a sustainable framework, Saudi Arabia is looking into solar-powered desalination. /d [3]. In fact, it has low fresh water supplies and an increasing demand from industrial and residential users. The other opinion claims that discharges from desalination plants pose a potential environmental hazard to coastal environments and particularly to those of the Arabian Gulf. A transition to renewable energy is being examined. The area outside the bay is a vast sea grass bed and the seafloor sediment is sandy. *Desalination in Saudi Arabia *The single largest desalination project is “Ras Al-Khair” in Saudi Arabia, which produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014. 10. [click to view], This article highlights the affordability of solar energy in Saudi Arabia. It offers unique investment opportunities in economic sectors and real-estate development. Almubarak, H.A. Arab J Geosci 13, 229 (2020). Impact of Brine Discharge from Seawater Desalination Plants on Persian/Arabian Gulf Salinity Hamed D. Ibrahim, Ph.D.1; and Elfatih A. Arabia, an increase of the desalinated water production was also increased from 0.68 to 1.1 billion m. 3 /year be- tween 1992 and 2006 [19]. 12 plants use multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) and 7 plants use multi-effect distillation (MED). They also impact marine ecosystems with the offload of harmful byproducts. In 2011 the volume of water supplied by the country's 27 desalination plants at 17 locations was 3.3 million m3/day (1.2 billion m3/year). Moreover, it accounts for 65% of the overall population of the GCC countries and 42% of its GDP. Using the Inclusive Impact Index light (III l) we have evaluated the sustainability of two kinds of desalination plants, multistage flash (MSF) and reverse osmosis (RO) operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Desalination plants are powered by oil which contributes to the release of air pollutants. Total suspended solids indicated the possibility of the intake bay becoming a source of elevated Silt Density Index (SDI) for the new SWRO plant. Seawater temperatures, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and trace metals were found to be very much benign to the trouble free operation of the plant. The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu erected desalination plants to supply its industrial cities with potable water. This led to an unsustainable management of this vital resource and pushed the country towards desalination. Al pulsar "Accept cookies" consiente dichas cookies. The desert-covered Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the geographically largest country in the Middle East. Sometimes micro-elements and toxic materials appear in the discharged brine.This paper will discuss the impact of the effluents from the desalination plants on the seawater environment with particular reference to the Saudi desalination plants, since they account for about 50% of … The cumulative water produc- Climate Change and Water Scarcity: The Case of Saudi Arabia[click to view], This articles discusses the environmental implications and alternatives to desalination in the Gulf and Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the manufacturing of drinkable water discharges brine which increases seawater salinity and affects marine organisms. THUWAL, Saudi Arabia — Desalinated seawater is the lifeblood of Saudi Arabia, nowhere more so than at King Abdullah University of Science and … The poor management of the Kingdom's water reserves plunged it into a vicious circle which damages the environment. However, this operation impacts air quality and marine life. Increasing water demand and lack of renewable natural water resources in Saudi Arabia also result in greater dependence on desalination and consequently amplify the impact on marine environment and multifactorial ecosystems in near-field areas of desalination discharges. This thriving sector counts 31 desalination plants in 17 locations, operated and managed by more than 10,000 employees. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Likewise in Saudi . 6 plants are located on the East Coast and 21 plants on the Red Sea Coast. According to Marafiq, the facilities have a combined desalination capacity of around 500,000 cubic meters of saline water per day. NEOM, the flagship project of Saudi Arabia's post-oil diversification plan, is being built on a 26,500 sq km area in northwestern Saudi Arabia. *The largest percent of desalinated water used in any country is in Israel, which produces 40% of its domestic water use from seawater desalination. However, they come with important environmental implications. However there are effects more specific to desalination plants such as impingement and entrainment of marine organisms due to the intake of seawater, the Green House Gases GHG) emission due to a considerable energy demand of Several more desalination plants are under construction with a budget of SR91 billion ($24.3 billion) through 2020 (Source: Arab News, 2018) By clicking "Accept cookies" you consent to place cookies when visiting the website. The reasons for it are mainly environmental, as they were economic in the 1960s. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. This alternative system reduces fossil fuel dependence and improves air quality as it decreases greenhouse gases emissions. Desalination is expensive and energy-intensive, but in hot, water-scarce climates like Saudi Arabia - with a population of 34 million - and neighbouring Gulf countries, it is relied upon. United Nations scientists warned Tuesday that desalination in Saudi Arabia and other countries is creating huge volumes of chemical-laced brine that … Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of desalinated water in the world. desalination plant, but mainly fossil fuel is used, thus continually affecting the environment. Today, desalination satisfies around 60% of Saudi's water demand. Certain points regarding the intake structures of desalination and power plants in Saudi Arabia are worth reviewing in this context. half of the collected water will end up as fresh water. Saudi Arabia is burdened by a limited access to renewable and non-renewable sources of water. Data were collected on the topographical feature of the marine basin, water quality and plankton of the intake zone. Copyright © 2000 Published by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00132-6. 11. The largest seawater desalination award listed in the 31st desalination inventory is the 378,000-m 3 /d seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) project in Rosarito, Mexico. 1.5 million barrels of oil per day are needeed to fuel the desalination plants. copper, chloride) used in the desalination pre-treatment process can be toxic to organisms in the receiving water, according to Qadir. [click to view], This page details the capacity and operations of desalination plants of Marafiq in Jubail and Yanbu[click to view], Impact of air pollution on public health. 5 : The powering of desalination plants with solar energy is a viable alternative for Saudi Arabia as it receives abundant sunshine. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In Saudi Arabia desalination fulfills the most basic need for humanity, providing clean, safe water. However, it does not solve the harm done to aquatic life which would still suffer from the added salinity. References to published books, academic articles, movies or published documentaries, Links to general newspaper articles, blogs or other websites, We use cookies for statistical purposes and to improve our services. The drag of seawater maintained by the intake pumps facilitates the transport of sediment particles, uprooted algae and floating objects creating fouling problems inside the plant. This alternative system reduces fossil fuel dependence and improves air quality as it decreases greenhouse gases emissions. These are Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar, with Saudi Arabia alone responsible for 22% of the effluent. There are primarily two types of intakes, the slightly offshore subsurface intakes seen in majority of plants and the protected and segregated coastal subsurface intakes seen at AI-Jubail and Assir plants. To operate within a sustainable framework, Saudi Arabia is looking into solar-powered desalination. In fact, the Kingdom now produces more potable water through desalination than any other country. a desalination plant. Saudi Arabia burns fossil fuel to produce water which is also needed for the production of oil. SAWACO water desalination is the leading supplier of un-bottled potable water for people and businesses in Saudi Arabia. In addition, certain compounds (e.g. Saudi Arabia (population 34 million) gets about 50 per cent of its drinking water from desalination. The main producers of desalinated water in Arabian Gulf are United Arab Emirates with a combined daily capacity in excess of 6.278 MCM/d, Saudi Arabia 2.318 MCM/d, Kuwait 1.69 MCM/d, Qatar 0.917 MCM/d, Bahrain 0.358 MCM/d and Iran 0.205 MCM/d [3]. Saudi Arabia does not have a strong history in environmentalism.Thus, as the number of population increases and the industrial activity grows, environmental issues pose a real challenge to the country. The peninsular country is compelled to process its coastal waters at the expense of its oil resources. Desalination is a reliable technology that has been long used internationally in countries including Saudi Arabia, the UAE and many others. B. Eltahir, Sc.D.2 Abstract: The Persian Gulf (also known as Arabian Gulf) is surrounded by desalination plants with about 50% of worldwide capacity to Today’s conditions induced by climate change are shifting the attention back to nuclear desalination possibilities. Published: 27 February 2020 Presented at the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production, Paris, France, 3–6 October 2000 International Water Association, European Desalination Society, American Water Works Association, Japan Water Works Association. Puede obtener más información, o bien conocer cómo cambiar la configuración, pulsando en. The uptake water used in desalination is critical. SAWACO operates and maintains its own and third party desalination plants and trucks & … According to Nunes, the membranes employed at the Saudi desalination plant will help reduce the plant’s energy requirements. As Saudi Arabia suffers from water scarcity, the country developed desalination plants to supply its citizens with fresh water. The semi-enclosed Ara-bian marginal seas of the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea (Fig. Data on plankton showed the presence of many phyto and zooplankton organism of biofouling potential in the plant. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 1) are the most saline bodies ofwaterintheworld’soceansandenvironmen-tally very fragile; therefore any further loss of water by desalination plants and the returned dischargeofbrinewastewouldmakethesemar-ginal seas become hypersaline. This was followed by projects at Hamriyah (Sharjah, UAE, 272,760 m 3 /d), Shoaiba 3 expansion 2 IWP (Saudi Arabia, 250,000 m 3 /d) and Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia, 210,000 m 3 /d). Accepted: 17 February 2020. The many plants constructed along the eastern and western coasts literally pump life into this arid country. "The agency in charge of implementation of the project shall be responsible for conducting the EIA studies in accordance with the environmental fundamentals and standards specified by the Competent Agency in the Rules for Implementation. A transition to renewable energy is being examined. It will enable the country to exploit a clean and cost-effective resource. Reavley further added that Solar Water Plc’s desalination technology is carbon-neutral and sustainable. Nevertheless, the good news is that Saudi is moving toward solar-powered desalination plants, and the “free” energy will help lower the operational costs. Environmental impact assessment of inland purification and desalination plants: case study of Al Asyah plant, Qassim region, Central Saudi Arabia. According to figures from ECRA, 64% of desalination capacity relies on the multi-stage flash process (MSF), while 20% uses reverse osmosis (RO) and 16% is produced using multi-effect distillation (MED). This index quantifies in environmental and economic senses the influence of human activity such as a desalination plant operation. A study was carried out in the sea adjacent to a major MSF plant where a new 24MGD SWRO plant is being commissioned. The remaining half will be a highly concentrated brine containing a mixture of toxic chemicals. Saudi Arabia now leads the world in the production and consumption of desalinated water. Influx of jellyfish, noticed during the summer, was not found to be very severe. The Intake Bay of the plant is a well designed man-made structure studded to the coast. The incidents of planktonic bloom, influx of invasive organisms like jellyfish and macrofouling organisms and ingress of marine algae were monitored regularly. The present study was carried out to determine whether negative environmental impacts could be detected in coastal waters of the Gulf and Red Sea near discharges from desalination plants in Saudi Arabia. By Austin Bodetti 22/8/2019 As one of the driest and wealthiest countries in the world, Saudi Arabia has invested hundreds of millions of petrodollars in desalination to ensure the longevity of its water supply. Last week SWCC said it had completed construction of seven new desalination plants , taking its total number of installations to 33. Additionally, desalination is not dependent on other factors such as rain and snowfall to operate; it can produce drinking water and in extreme cases, provide water for agricultural irrigation in arid areas. The plant in Jubail was the world´s largest desalination plant when it was built in 2009. The marine basin in Al-Jubail, is for geological reasons, a shallow gently sloping shelf while the bay proper is a dredged, deeper basin. TECHNOLOGY: Saudi Arabia’s desalination plants use a number of different processes. Saudi Arabia burns 1.5 million barrels of oil per day to fuel its plants as desalination consumes around 15% of the local oil production.
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